Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
Be Prepared, not Scared.......
Three SC Earthquakes in a Week: A Warning?
Columbia, SC (WLTX) - Residents on the South Carolina coast may have a felt a slight rumbling Tuesday morning due to an earthquake; in fact, it was the third one in the state over the past week.
Anyone who has ever been in an earthquake will tell you, It leaves a lasting impression on you.
Living through a large earthquake hasn't only been an experience for James Knapp, as a professor at USC's School of Earth and Ocean Science, studying earthquakes is his job.
"It's a very unsettling feeling when everything around you is moving, there's really no place for you to go and seek shelter," shared Knapp.
In the past week, South Carolina has experienced three small earthquakes; a 2.0 magnitude in Spartanburg County, a 2.5 in Chesterfield County and 2.8 in Charleston County.
"It turns out that South Carolina has one of the higher earthquake hazards in the eastern United States," said Knapp.
"SC is a somewhat unusual place to have earthquakes because in fact, most earthquakes take place at boundaries between tectonic plates of the earth, and yet here in SC we're not on a plate boundary. We don't fully understand all of the factors that go into generating seismicity in the interior of a plate."
The Charleston 7.3 magnitude quake of 1886 may come to mind when you think earthquakes in the south; however, Knapp says the frequency of the recent small rumblings doesn't mean people need to panic.
"Data suggests that the recurrence interval is on the order of every 500 years to have a major earthquake like a 7.0. It's not definitive but it certainly gives us the sense that it may be premature for a large earthquake like that to take place anytime in the near future."
Source: http://www.wltx.com/news/article/196063/2/Three-SC-Earthquakes-in-a-Week-A-Warning
Foul, Gas-Like Odor Rolls in Off the Ocean in Southern CA – July 25, 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHlr5YnJZgw
Lifeguards in Encinitas were first to report the strong, pungent odor at about 5 p.m. The odor was described as a gas-like smell rolling in off the ocean.
Soon after, 10News was flooded with calls. Residents from the coast all the way to Rancho Bernardo and 4S Ranch reported experiencing the smell. Some complained of headaches and outdoor activities were canceled.
One Del Mar resident who did not want to be identified was inside the library in Cardiff at about 5 p.m. when the gas-like odor filled the entire building with the doors closed.
"There was none when I walked in that door and within 10 minutes, the entire library was filled," she said.
Eventually, she got in her car and drove to try and get away from the smell. At about 5:30 p.m., the woman parked at San Dieguito County Park and took a photo of what she believes is some kind of aerosol compound she says fell from the sky and coated her car windows.
"I tried to wipe it and it was black and sticky and tried to put my window down and it smeared," she said.
She is convinced it was gas that was dispersing something with an oil component.
She feels what occurred Tuesday was no accident and wants the people responsible to answer up.
"It's just not acceptable to say, 'We don't know, nobody knows'... which we've heard over the years time and time again when these things happen," she said.
The source of the odor remains unclear. San Diego Gas & Electric is investigating and has reported no problems. Fire departments in the North County have also not found any leaks.
Late Tuesday night, 10News received a statement from the City of Solana Beach that read, "Please do not be alarmed. The apparent smell of gas reported from Oceanside to La Jolla is not a leak of gas. The smell is caused by natural occurring condition from the ocean."
Scripps Institution Of Oceanography Grad Students Discovered Site Of Methane Seepage 20 Miles West Of Del Mar
The strange smell 10News viewers reported Tuesday is now being reviewed by the San Diego Air Pollution Control District.
Meanwhile, Scripps Institution of Oceanography graduate students made an interesting discovery about two weeks ago during a research expedition that could offer a possible explanation.
Deep under the ocean, methane gas is known to sometimes seep along continents. Using a specially equipped research vessel, five Scripps graduate students set out to find seepage off the coast.
After heading 20 miles west of Del Mar and using echo sounding, they noticed a distinct mound on the sea floor about 3,400 feet down. The students found a deep-sea site where gas appears to be leaking from the sea floor.
They are calling it a significant discovery, especially because it is so convenient to access for researchers to conduct further study.
The students brought up carbonate, a rock that gives off carbon dioxide, as well as certain tube worms and clams that only exist around methane and hydrogen sulfide.
Could the methane which is 20 miles out and more than half a mile down and normally odorless be the source of the mysterious smell?
"What we might smell is hydrogen sulfide which smells like rotten eggs and that is associated with methane seeps, but the methane itself doesn't smell like anything," said Benjamin Grupe, a Scripps graduate student.
However, Grupe said they did not even smell the sulfide until they cut into some of the mud samples.
Fellow researcher Jillian Maloney also doubts the methane is the smell's source.
"I think it's highly unlikely that it would reach shore even if it was emitting an odor, which I don't think it is," she said.
It is not clear if the methane seeps constantly or in bursts, but it is sitting right over an active fault zone.
"It's not really well understood how faults - when they move - if they release more gas," said Maloney.
For now, there are no real conclusions. Researchers will head out again in December to learn more. Until then, they say there is no need to worry about the methane seep.
"The methane seep, I don't think, poses any hazard," said Maloney. "It's a really neat environment and we're excited to find out more about it."
Geologist Pat Abbott said tiny underwater earthquakes could cause extra methane to burst out. He also said it is unlikely that the methane is the cause of the smell but does not rule it out completely.
As I was driving over a hilltop overlooking the San Francisco Bay yesterday around noon, I noticed black clouds blanketing the San Francisco skyline. It looked almost like black fog...as it obscured the buildings, too. The sky over the Bay was clear blue & cloudless...just the black stuff over SF. As I descended closer to sea level, the sky appeared normal again. I couldn't see any black clouds. If I hadn't been on the hilltop overlooking the Bay, I wouldn't have noticed a thing.
They weren't rain clouds...because we haven't had rain in the Bay Area in several weeks. Yesterday, and today, were warm & sunny days...no rain in sight. So what were these black clouds?
Scientists have known for decades that hidden under those impressive vistas at sites such as Death Valley and Yellowstone National Park are magma pools that under the right conditions can trigger explosive eruptions.
Now, new research is changing scientists' understanding of the timing of those eruptions, and prompting them to call for greater monitoring of sites to help save lives when the next big volcano explodes.
Two recent papers highlight the shift. One looked at a Death Valley volcano thought to be 10,000 years old and found it last erupted just 800 years ago, and is still an eruption danger. The other found that large caldera volcanoes, such as the one under Crater Lake in Oregon, can recharge in a matter of decades, rather than the thousands of years previously thought.
"The understanding of the timing of eruptions and the timing of the building up to eruptions is changing," says Margaret Mangan, the scientist in charge of volcano monitoring in California for the U.S. Geological Survey. "These two papers are very nice examples of good scientific work."
One thing that's coming to light is that eruptions are often clustered, with "long stretches of inactivity punctuated by periods of activity that can go on for years," Mangan says.
The first paper looked at the Ubehebe Crater (you-bee-HE-bee) at the northern end of California's Death Valley. It's about half a mile wide and 700 feet deep. It was long believed to have been caused by a volcanic eruption sometime in the past 10,000 years or so.
However, researchers recently looked at beryllium in the rocks and were able to date the last series of eruptions to just 800 years ago. They say the ingredients necessary for another eruption are all still there.
Ubehebe Crater is the result of what's known as a phreatomagmatic (free-at-oh-mag-MAT-ick) eruption. That means that it has a huge pocket of molten rock, or magma, deep below it. When it begins to push to the surface and comes into contact with water, superhot steam is created, building up pressure until it explodes.
It had been thought that the eruptions would occur only during wet climate periods, and as Death Valley is famously dry now, there was little concern. But using U.S. Geological Survey data, the scientists show that the current water table may be just 500 feet below the surface of the crater. The paper was published this month in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
The relatively recent eruption means that the magma underground, which can take thousands of years to cool, is likely still hot. When water and hot magma come into contact, it can produce something "like a very large bomb going off," says Brent Goehring, a geochemist at the department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind., and one of the paper's authors.
Another worry is that caldera volcanoes, such as Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and Krakatoa in Indonesia, may be able to blow much more quickly than previously believed.
Caldera volcanoes consist of large underground lakes of magma. As more magma builds up, the pressure builds and the magma starts getting pushed upward through cracks in the Earth's surface. When the pressure gets too great, it explodes.
Caldera volcanoes typically have a long quiet period prior to eruptions. Writing in Wednesday's edition of the journal Nature, researchers looked at the eruption of the Santorini volcano in Greece around 1,600 B.C., which released as much as 12 cubic miles of magma.
By analyzing feldspar crystals formed within the magma and then ejected during the eruption, the researchers found that the volcano's magma chamber grew by as much as 10% in the final few decades before it blew, says Tim Druitt, a volcanologist at Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France, and senior author on the paper.
For this reason, scientists are calling for greater monitoring, including satellite surveillance, to detect ground swelling.
There are several large and still active calderas in the United States, including the one under Yellowstone National Park. All are closely monitored. What worries the researchers are other unmonitored calderas around the world with the potential to send huge clouds of ash into the atmosphere, causing massive ecological and climate damage.
Volcano activity of July 27, 2012 – Long Valley Caldera, Sheveluch, Sotara, Cumbal, Nevado del Ruiz, Sakurajima and Popocatepetl
July 27, 2012 volcano activity
I am glad to have “caught” the deep low-frequency earthquake activity beneath (actually a little west of) Mammoth Mountain volcano on the southwestern edge of the Long Valley Caldera (small purple dots). The activity started several days ago and was really active yesterday through today (small events on seismogram MRD). The earthquakes are of low magnitude (all less than M1.0), unusually deep (10-20 km) and have unusually low frequency content (1-3 Hz) when compared with “normal” tectonic earthquakes (6+ Hz). Such earthquakes are interpreted to result from fluid flow in the middle crust beneath volcanic areas. Shallow earthquake swarms sometimes follow deep low-frequency earthquake activity at Mammoth Mountain.
Homeland Security Seeks Riot Gear for Party Conventions
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is seeking riot gear for the presidential conventions and inauguration, according to a federal government website.
The agency wants to buy about 150 sets of riot helmets and protective gear for the upper body, forearm, shin, thigh and groin, according to a solicitation posted Wednesday on a federal government website. No cost estimate was provided for the gear, which includes carry bags and gloves.
The successful bidder must be able to deliver the equipment within 15 days from the award of the contract, according to the online notice. The department said it wanted products similar to those made by companies such as Costa Mesa, California-based Ceradyne Inc. and Safariland LLC, which has headquarters in Ontario, California, and Jacksonville, Florida.
The gear is being purchased for the Federal Protective Service, which provides protection for special events in addition to its mission of guarding federal property. Matt Chandler, a department spokesman, didn’t respond to a phone call and e-mail seeking comment.
Separately, Democrats will receive a $50 million grant from the Department of Homeland Security to defray police costs for their Sept. 4-6 convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. Republicans will get the same amount for their four-day convention in Tampa, Florida, that begins Aug. 27.
The following is by a poster: "Listen to your inner wisdom. Listen to the Earth. Some wont need to do anything and others will have to follow that nagging feeling to get out. I just want to have a documented post of the warning and to open an intellectual discussion about avoiding disasters".
Just a heads up for all those in the Golden state of California. I did a reading asking specifically about "The Big One" and if it would occur this year in California and here is the summary of what I gleaned.
It will not be a mega quake but there will be one. It will serve a a wake up call for those living in and around the major cities of California on the coast. There will be first evidence of major movement along the shoreline with waves and unusual ripples forming preceding the actual quake.
It will occur at sun set. There will be an intensive study about this new area of instability. Warnings will not be heeded and in fact, political powers will down play the danger, giving the public a false sense of security.
The upside is that the culture of positiveness and creative spirit of Californians will not be dampened. Many will offer help and support after the quake. A charismatic political figure will use the quake to further his career and gain more power.
With courage and prayer (seeking the assistance of higher power) the state will recover, however...
The lesson will not be learned, people will make illogical choices and be lazy about the danger. When the Big One does hit ( and it will, just not this year) there will be a terrible loss of life, such a horrible waste because the warnings were not heeded.
I want to encourage an other psychic sensitives to post quake related predictions here also. Thanks and good luck.
Not sure if it's relevent but I just read an article this morning about a strange methane seep coming from a newly discovered mound that is the size of a city block and 2 stories high, off the coast of San Diego, 20 miles west of Del Mar, on a fault line. The only other thing the article talked about was all the worms and clams found, made it out to sound fine and dandy. Meanwhile parts of costal California are reporting a strange smell that has no explination. I'll try to find a link.
Yeah, those are weird. A few weeks ago these came through New Jersey, I was wondering if the Cali ones were similar. I took this picture. The clouds were alive, moving like the ocean, except in the sky
LoP Guest lop guest User ID: 110043 08-02-2012 09:15 PM
RE: Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
Small Earthquakes May Cause Surprisingly Big Tsunamis
"Although very-low-frequency quakes get their name from seismic waves detected on land, these events are actually rich in high-frequency waves as well".
THE GIST
1. Ocean-bottom seismometers recorded very-low-frequency quakes of 3.8 to 4.9 magnitudes lasting 30 to 100 seconds.
2. High-frequency waves tend to weaken with distance as they go through matter, which is why land seismometers did not detect these waves but ocean seismometers closer to the quakes did.
Mysterious small tremors in the most earthquake-prone areas on Earth may be the cause of surprisingly large tsunamis, researchers say.
These findings might also shed light on the huge tsunami generated by the disastrous magnitude 9.0 quake that hit Japan in 2011.
ANALYSIS: Fault in Alaska a Tsunami-Maker Candidate
Nearly all of the 10 largest recorded earthquakes on Earth happened along subduction zones, where one of the tectonic plates making up the planet's surface is diving beneath another. The shallow regions of these zones are often not seismically active by themselves, but occasionally strange tremors are recorded from these locales that are rich in very-low-frequency seismic waves.
These shallow areas also seem to be home to so-called tsunami earthquakes, which generate tsunamis far stronger than one would expect for the amount of seismic energy they release. The Keicho quake of 1605 that caused disastrous tsunamis in Japan and killed thousands might have been one such earthquake.
To see if there were any links between the very-low-frequency events and tsunami earthquakes seen in the shallows of subduction zones, scientists in Japan used three ocean-bottom seismometers to analyze a swarm of very-low-frequency events in 2009. These occurred in the shallowest parts of the Nankai Trough, a part of a subduction zone near southwestern Japan that is rocked by giant earthquakes every century or so — most recently in 1946, when a magnitude 8.2 event killed an estimated 1,300 people.
ANALYSIS: Western U.S. Will Face Tsunami. But When?
The researchers discovered that the very-low-frequency quakes — ranging from magnitudes of 3.8 to 4.9 — can last 30 to 100 seconds. This is unusually long when compared with the 1-to-2 second duration of ordinary earthquakes with comparable magnitudes. Although these very-low-frequency quakes get their name from seismic waves detected on land, the researchers discovered these events are actually rich in high-frequency waves as well. High-frequency waves tend to weaken with distance as they go through matter, which is why land seismometers did not detect these waves but ocean seismometers closer to the quakes did. The long duration of the quakes and the high-frequency waves now seen from them suggest these events may be caused by fluid seeping into fractures in the rock, making it easier for parts of the earth to slip past each other and generate tsunami earthquakes.
These findings suggest that authorities should keep a closer eye on the shallow areas of subduction zones. For instance, the huge tsunamis generated by the magnitude 9.0 quake that struck Japan in 2011 might be due in significant part to a slip in the shallow parts of the Japan Trench lying east of the country's main island.
"It is very important for us to monitor continuously seismic activities close to the trench," researcher Hiroko Sugioka, a seismologist at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology at Yokosuka, told OurAmazingPlanet. "It is mitigation against unexpectedly large tsunami disasters."
The scientists detailed their findings online May 6 in the journal Nature Geoscience.
From the Volcano activity of July 27, 2012 – Long Valley Caldera above:
"I am glad to have “caught” the deep low-frequency earthquake activity beneath (actually a little west of) Mammoth Mountain volcano on the southwestern edge of the Long Valley Caldera (small purple dots). The activity started several days ago and was really active yesterday through today (small events on seismogram MRD). The earthquakes are of low magnitude (all less than M1.0), [b]unusually deep (10-20 km) and have unusually low frequency content (1-3 Hz) when compared with “normal” tectonic earthquakes (6+ Hz).[/b] Such earthquakes are interpreted to result from fluid flow in the middle crust beneath volcanic areas. Shallow earthquake swarms sometimes follow deep low-frequency earthquake activity at Mammoth Mountain."
Something to be aware of....
LoP Guest lop guest User ID: 110043 08-02-2012 09:39 PM
RE: Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
The next Blue Moon is August 31, 2012
"Blue moon as third full moon of four in a season. The Old Farmer’s Almanac defined a Blue Moon as an extra full moon that occurred in a season. One season – winter, spring, fall, summer – typically has three full moons. If a season has four full moons, then the third full moon may be called a Blue Moon."
The next blue moon by this definition will fall on August 21, 2013.
RE: Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
.
Statistically speaking ... Earth is due for a big EQ (7.0+) any time now. I'm
just posting this so that when it hits, you'll know it's not because of any
predictions ... or the Moon ... or astrology ... or any other woo woo nonsense ...
it's because of the mathematical probabilities distribution.
CooterBrownWrote:
There are about 15 "large" EQs (7.0+) each year.
There have been 6 thus far in 2012.
Which leaves 9 more to go.
As of today, 8/2, There are 151 days remaining in 2012.
So the chance of a 7.0+ EQ happening today is 9/151 = 6%
The chance of one in the next three days is 9/50 = 18%
The chance of one in the next week is 9/21.5 = 42%
The chance of one in the next month is 9/5 = 180%
The End Ain't Nigh ... You Just Want It To Be
(This post was last modified: 08-02-2012 10:30 PM by CooterBrown.)
LoP Guest lop guest User ID: 111247 08-02-2012 10:34 PM
RE: Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
CooterBrownWrote:
.
Statistically speaking ... Earth is due for a big EQ (7.0+) any time now. I'm
just posting this so that when it hits, you'll know it's not because of any
predictions ... or the Moon ... or astrology ... or any other woo woo nonsense ...
it's because of the mathematical probabilities distribution.
As of today, 8/2, There are 151 days remaining in 2012.
So the chance of a 7.0+ EQ happening today is 9/151 = 6%
The chance of one in the next three days is 9/50 = 18%
The chance of one in the next week is 9/21.5 = 42%
The chance of one in the next month is 9/5 = 180%
So your shill-headquarters is telling all you shill-bots to prepare the "little f olks" for the disaster...New Madrid perhaps? Heard about the 100 mile military convoy headed there this weekend!
CooterBrown Registered User User ID: 49022 08-02-2012 10:50 PM
Posts: 9,600
RE: Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
LoP GuestWrote:
So your shill-headquarters is telling all you shill-bots to prepare the "little f olks" for the disaster...New Madrid perhaps? Heard about the 100 mile military convoy headed there this weekend!
Nah, that's not the "Big One" ... but the Doom is very, very close now ...
All the preps are done. You should see my spot in The Bunker
.
The End Ain't Nigh ... You Just Want It To Be
LoP Guest lop guest User ID: 110043 08-03-2012 05:21 AM
"Overburden pressure is the vertical pressure applied on a layer of rock from the rock and soil above it. Overburden pressure is sometimes called overburden stress, as well. If the materials making up a specific area, as well as the porosity and depths at which those materials are found is known, a few calculations can establish an approximation of local overburden pressure. To know more exactly, however, the area in question should undergo density logging. "
"The volumetric flow rate of water varies approximately as the square root of pressure drop through a section of pipe. This is because of the square characteristic of the power equation that determines that it takes four times the power to move twice as much fluid per minute through the same pipe. Calculating water pressure changes from changing flow rates is straightforward because much water flow instrumentation is based on this principle, and the knowledge base is well-established."
How to Calculate Water Flow, Volume & Pressure
Calculating Pressure
1. Use the hydrostatic pressure formula P = pgh, where p is the density of water in kg per cubic meter, g is the gravitational acceleration constant, h is the height of the water above the valve in meters and P is the pressure in pascals.
2. For water near the surface of the earth, p = 1,000 kg per cubic meter, and g = 9.81 meters per second squared.
3. Convert pascals to psi by dividing by 6,894.76.
Use this example as a guide to calculate water pressure in a tank.
The height of the water in a tank is 4 meters above the valve. Applying the hydrostatic pressure formula gives you P = (1,000)(9.81)(4) = 39,240 pascals. In pounds per square inch, the pressure is 39,240/6,894.76 = 5.69 psi.
How to Calculate Overburden Pressure
Instructions
1. Take a density log reading of the area you are measuring. This service can be contracted by professionals who possess the necessary equipment. The area to be measured will need to be dug out to create a well bore through to the lowest layer of rock to be measured (the overburden pressure established will be the overburden pressure being acted upon that particular rock layer). The engineers taking the density log measurement will emit gamma rays into the bore in order to establish the density (expressed as kilograms per cube meter) of the sample.
2. Multiply the density log reading value by the total depth (in meters) of the measured area.
3. Multiply the sum of Step 1 by .01 to obtain the overburden pressure.
How to Calculate Water Pressure to Volume
Accelerations in fluid flow
If velocity is a basic property of any fluid flow then the change in velocity, acceleration, is also an important attribute of fluid particles in a flow. Read this article for types and components of acceleration of fluid particles and examples of accelerations for different patterns of steady flow.
After the basic description of the position and velocity for fluid flow analysis, let us move up one more step to another higher derivative of position, acceleration. Mathematically the acceleration of fluid particles in any flow field is the first derivative of the velocity vector of the flow field. And generally the velocity vector of any flow field description is a function of space as well as time.
Acceleration of Fluid Particles
Physically acceleration of any object is a measure of the change in its velocity. If the velocity vector of any fluid flow is a function of space and time, then it can change with space and as well as with time. Thus the acceleration, or change in velocity, experienced by the fluid particles can be due to the change of velocity with space and can be due to the change of velocity with time.
The acceleration of fluid particles due to change in velocity in space is called convective acceleration and acceleration due to change in velocity in time is called local or temporal acceleration. Acceleration of fluid particles can thus have two components: tangential and normal acceleration.
Tangential Acceleration
Tangential acceleration is due to the change in velocity along the direction of motion. This tangential change in velocity or the tangential acceleration of fluid particles is the sum of tangential convective (change with space) and tangential local (change with time) accelerations.
Normal Acceleration
Normal acceleration of any particle is the component of the change in velocity normal to the direction of motion or the tangential velocity. Normal acceleration comes into picture when fluid particles move in curved paths. While moving in curved paths the velocity of the fluid particle changes in direction; it can also change in magnitude, too.
For motion of fluid particles along curved paths the change in velocity has two components, one along the direction of motion and other normal to that. Obviously the normal component produces the normal acceleration. Like tangential acceleration normal acceleration is also the sum of convective and local acceleration components.
Examples of Acceleration in Fluid Flow
Generally acceleration of fluid flow has two components, convective (with space) and local (with time). But for steady flow, where flow field is constant in time, fluid flow experiences only convective acceleration.
No Acceleration: For the steady flow through straight and parallel boundaries with constant cross section the velocity of flow doesn’t change, so, there is no type of acceleration.
Tangential Convective Acceleration/ Deceleration: For straight and converging boundaries the flow speed increases with decreasing area of cross section. The speed of flow increases but the direction remains same, thus, the flow experiences tangential convective acceleration only. The fluid flow through straight and diverging boundaries experiences tangential convective deceleration.
Normal Convective Acceleration: Flow through the concentric curved boundaries has parallel streamlines and velocity of flow is constant along the flow direction. The flow through such paths experiences only normal convective acceleration.
Tangential Acceleration/Deceleration and Normal Acceleration: Fluid flow through converging curved boundaries will accelerate along the flow with decreasing cross sectional area and also experience acceleration normal to the flow direction because of the curved path. And for diverging curved boundaries, fluid experiences tangential deceleration as well as normal acceleration.
Kinematic Analysis of Fluid Flow: Position and Velocity Description
Like any other mechanical system, the analysis of fluid flow or the mechanics of fluid flow has two parts: the kinematic analysis of fluid flow and the dynamics of fluid flow. Let’s start with the kinematic analysis of the fluid flow. How are kinematics applied to fluid flow analysis?
To analyze the flow we should know the basic principles applicable to it. The principles are as simple as the basic laws of motion, classical mechanics, and the fundamental principles of energy, mass, and the conservation of momentum.
In the kinematic analysis of the fluid flow, we are concerned about the position, velocity, and acceleration of fluid particle and sometimes further derivatives of the position of fluid particles. In kinematic analysis we study the flow without being bothered about the force causing it. As discussed in the earlier article on different approaches for fluid flow analysis, for analysis fluid flow can be described by the Lagrangian Method and also by the Eulerian Method.
Lagrangian Approach for Kinematic Analysis
For kinematic analysis of fluid flow using the Lagrangian approach, we trace the fluid particles or elements and find their position, velocity, pressure, and other properties with the passage of time. The position of a particle at any point of time is determined by its position at the reference time. For the three dimensional analysis of flow the position of a particle is defined by three coordinates, and each position coordinate is a function of the three coordinates of the initial position and the time passed from the initial position.
Eulerian Approach for Kinematic Analysis
In the Eulerian Approach for kinematic analysis of fluid flow we no more concentrate our attention to particular fluid particles and run behind them. Rather we now go to any point in the flow field and try to define and find the flow properties at that point for any particular instant of time. Any number of particles may pass and go through that point, but we look for the properties, primarily velocity, of the flow at that point and do not attach it to a particular particle.
The properties of the fluid flow at the concerned point will be a function of the definition of that point, its coordinates, and the time at which we are interested to note them. The basic fluid property for kinematic analysis is the velocity of flow. For three-dimensional flow, it has three components and each component is a function of the position of the point and time.
Velocity Vector and Flow Dimensions
The flow considered for analysis may be one, two or three dimensional. One dimensional flow, like the flow in a straight pipe, will have velocity vector as a function of only one coordinate. The flow of water through a wide straight irrigation canal can be considered as two-dimensional flow for kinematic analysis, and the velocity in such flow will be a function of two coordinates. In the three-dimensional flow, velocity vector will be a function of three coordinates.
Dynamic Analysis of fluid Flow and Ideal Fluid Flow Equation
What causes fluid particles to move and accelerate? This question is answered in the dynamic analysis of fluid flow. It deals with the forces that cause motion and acceleration.
Dynamics of Fluid Flow
For the complete study of fluid flow we have to also perform dynamic analysis along with kinematic analysis of the fluid flow. In the kinematic analysis we studied the position, velocity, and acceleration descriptions of the fluid particles in fluid flow. This we have done without taking into account the forces causing them. Now we will study these causal forces under the dynamics of fluid flow.
Forces Acting on Fluid Particles
The motion of fluid particles, their position, velocity, and acceleration, is governed by the resultant of the forces acting on them. Typical forces acting on fluid particles in any flow are pressure forces, viscous forces, shear forces, fictional forces at boundaries, cohesive forces among fluid particles, and adhesive forces. Performing the dynamic analysis of fluid flow taking all these forces into account will become a bit complex, so we will start the analysis with a simplified approach.
Ideal Fluid Flow
To simplify the problem we will take such fluid for analysis which has negligible frictional resistance and compressibility effects. A fluid possessing such properties is called an Ideal or a Perfect fluid. The properties of water are in close agreement with those of an Ideal fluid. In civil engineering hydraulics we mainly deal with water, thus, the dynamic analysis for ideal fluids will provide a base for solving civil engineering hydraulics problems.
Dynamics of Fluid Flow: Energy Equation for Ideal Fluid Flow
For the dynamic analysis of fluid flow in the simplified form we will first derive the energy equation for ideal flow by applying Newton’s second law of motion to an elemental streamtube. If we neglect frictional forces then the pressure and gravitational forces remain to act on the fluid governing its motion.
By applying Newton's second law of motion to the elemental streamtube along the streamline, in the form Force = Mass x Acceleration, we obtain a differential equation known as the Euler equation of motion for an ideal fluid flow, which on integration along the streamline gives an equation popularly known as Bernoulli's Equation.
z1 + p1/ρg + v12/2g = z2 + p2/ρg + v22/2g
All the terms on either sides of the equation have the dimensions of length. Both sides have similar terms. Summation on each side can be interpreted as the total energy of any fluid element of unit weight. That is why this equation is called the energy equation for ideal fluid flow. From this equation, we can say that for an ideal flow along a streamline, total energy remains constant.
This is the energy equation for an Ideal Fluid Flow.
RE: Mexico, California, South CarolinaPotential Earthquake Warning
LoP GuestWrote:
Small Earthquakes May Cause Surprisingly Big Tsunamis
"Although very-low-frequency quakes get their name from seismic waves detected on land, these events are actually rich in high-frequency waves as well".
THE GIST
1. Ocean-bottom seismometers recorded very-low-frequency quakes of 3.8 to 4.9 magnitudes lasting 30 to 100 seconds.
2. High-frequency waves tend to weaken with distance as they go through matter, which is why land seismometers did not detect these waves but ocean seismometers closer to the quakes did.
Mysterious small tremors in the most earthquake-prone areas on Earth may be the cause of surprisingly large tsunamis, researchers say.
These findings might also shed light on the huge tsunami generated by the disastrous magnitude 9.0 quake that hit Japan in 2011.
ANALYSIS: Fault in Alaska a Tsunami-Maker Candidate
Nearly all of the 10 largest recorded earthquakes on Earth happened along subduction zones, where one of the tectonic plates making up the planet's surface is diving beneath another. The shallow regions of these zones are often not seismically active by themselves, but occasionally strange tremors are recorded from these locales that are rich in very-low-frequency seismic waves.
These shallow areas also seem to be home to so-called tsunami earthquakes, which generate tsunamis far stronger than one would expect for the amount of seismic energy they release. The Keicho quake of 1605 that caused disastrous tsunamis in Japan and killed thousands might have been one such earthquake.
To see if there were any links between the very-low-frequency events and tsunami earthquakes seen in the shallows of subduction zones, scientists in Japan used three ocean-bottom seismometers to analyze a swarm of very-low-frequency events in 2009. These occurred in the shallowest parts of the Nankai Trough, a part of a subduction zone near southwestern Japan that is rocked by giant earthquakes every century or so — most recently in 1946, when a magnitude 8.2 event killed an estimated 1,300 people.
ANALYSIS: Western U.S. Will Face Tsunami. But When?
The researchers discovered that the very-low-frequency quakes — ranging from magnitudes of 3.8 to 4.9 — can last 30 to 100 seconds. This is unusually long when compared with the 1-to-2 second duration of ordinary earthquakes with comparable magnitudes. Although these very-low-frequency quakes get their name from seismic waves detected on land, the researchers discovered these events are actually rich in high-frequency waves as well. High-frequency waves tend to weaken with distance as they go through matter, which is why land seismometers did not detect these waves but ocean seismometers closer to the quakes did. The long duration of the quakes and the high-frequency waves now seen from them suggest these events may be caused by fluid seeping into fractures in the rock, making it easier for parts of the earth to slip past each other and generate tsunami earthquakes.
These findings suggest that authorities should keep a closer eye on the shallow areas of subduction zones. For instance, the huge tsunamis generated by the magnitude 9.0 quake that struck Japan in 2011 might be due in significant part to a slip in the shallow parts of the Japan Trench lying east of the country's main island.
"It is very important for us to monitor continuously seismic activities close to the trench," researcher Hiroko Sugioka, a seismologist at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology at Yokosuka, told OurAmazingPlanet. "It is mitigation against unexpectedly large tsunami disasters."
The scientists detailed their findings online May 6 in the journal Nature Geoscience.
From the Volcano activity of July 27, 2012 – Long Valley Caldera above:
"I am glad to have “caught” the deep low-frequency earthquake activity beneath (actually a little west of) Mammoth Mountain volcano on the southwestern edge of the Long Valley Caldera (small purple dots). The activity started several days ago and was really active yesterday through today (small events on seismogram MRD). The earthquakes are of low magnitude (all less than M1.0), [b]unusually deep (10-20 km) and have unusually low frequency content (1-3 Hz) when compared with “normal” tectonic earthquakes (6+ Hz).[/b] Such earthquakes are interpreted to result from fluid flow in the middle crust beneath volcanic areas. Shallow earthquake swarms sometimes follow deep low-frequency earthquake activity at Mammoth Mountain."
Something to be aware of....
Mammoth is going to blow one of these days. The question is, "When?" I had a neighbor who died a few years ago who used to tell me that Mammoth has the potential to depopulate Southern California if the winds are right. He was a geologist, but I have no idea how qualified he was to make that prediction. Anybody else know anything about a massive lava pool under the mountain????
Republiscams = Republic Scammers = Those who scam the government = Traitors
They are Fat Cat Industrialists, Bankers and Politicians who have taken over our country for the practice of their religion which is the worship of money and the massive accumulation of same by any means possible - Scam, Murder, Fraud, Bribery.
LoP Guest lop guest User ID: 14479 08-03-2012 05:52 PM
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George Soros Switches From Physical Gold to Gold Stocks and That is Very Bullish for Gold Prices
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